Concrete is a construction material consisting of cement (usually Portland cement), sand, stones as well as water. The mixing ratio is expressed as weight proportions of first three concrete color pigment ingredients. The amount of water is used to adjust the volume - less water results in higher binding strength. As a building material it excels by being malleable during molding, having high compressive strength after curing and good weather resistance.
These factors depend on environmental conditions structural requirements. Maximum volume is influenced by the amounts of water and cement involved. By reducing the amount of paste (the amount of aggregate being increased), the density is increased. In the design of reinforced concrete (reinforced), the unit weight is normally considered 2400 kg / cubic meters (150 lb / ft).
There are no signs of its use found until the thirteenth century, when it was reused in the foundation of Salisbury Cathedral and the famous Tower of London, England. During the Renaissance, its use was low and not significant. In some cities, large structures built by Mayans and Aztecs in Mexico or Machu Pichu in Peru used cement.
The variety of concretes that have emerged around the late twentieth century, has been allowed to exist: concrete reinforced with glass fibers (GRC), cellular concretes lightened with natural, self-compacting fibers. The history of this material represents an essential chapter in the history of building construction. When it was decided to construct buildings using clay or stone materials, it became necessary to obtain pastes or mortars that allow attaching said to form stable masonry structures.
Concretes by their stone characteristics withstand compression forces, and other types of cracking stress (bending, tension, torsion, shearing); inclusion of metal rods optimize their characteristics and their widespread use in many engineering and architecture projects. The world's tallest buildings have steel structures, such as the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (452 meters, 1998), the Taipei 101 in Taiwan (509 meters, 2004), or the Burj Dubai city of Dubai (818 meters, 2009), in the XXI century.
Without the participation of an aggregate it is called mortar. Concretes are produced with other binders which are cement, asphalt concrete and bitumen used for mixing. Cement is a powdery material that by itself is not binding, and when mixed with water, the hydrate becomes a moldable paste with adhesive properties.
Since one of the harmful effects to the environment is that cement production generates large volumes of carbon dioxide, the cement replacement technology plays an important role in efforts to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide. It is typically included in certain catalysts which allow its 'autolavado' such as titanium dioxide mixtures. It is also used to confine radioactive waste.
And there is a variety of them: colorants, accelerators, retarders, flow, sealants, fibers, etc. Conventional concretes normally used in pavements, buildings and other structures have a specific gravity (density, volumetric weight, unit weight) ranging from 2200-2400 kg / cubic meters (137-150 lb / ft 3). The density of concrete varies depending on the quantity and density of aggregates, the amount of trapped air (occluded) or intentionally included and the amounts of water and cement.
These factors depend on environmental conditions structural requirements. Maximum volume is influenced by the amounts of water and cement involved. By reducing the amount of paste (the amount of aggregate being increased), the density is increased. In the design of reinforced concrete (reinforced), the unit weight is normally considered 2400 kg / cubic meters (150 lb / ft).
There are no signs of its use found until the thirteenth century, when it was reused in the foundation of Salisbury Cathedral and the famous Tower of London, England. During the Renaissance, its use was low and not significant. In some cities, large structures built by Mayans and Aztecs in Mexico or Machu Pichu in Peru used cement.
The variety of concretes that have emerged around the late twentieth century, has been allowed to exist: concrete reinforced with glass fibers (GRC), cellular concretes lightened with natural, self-compacting fibers. The history of this material represents an essential chapter in the history of building construction. When it was decided to construct buildings using clay or stone materials, it became necessary to obtain pastes or mortars that allow attaching said to form stable masonry structures.
Concretes by their stone characteristics withstand compression forces, and other types of cracking stress (bending, tension, torsion, shearing); inclusion of metal rods optimize their characteristics and their widespread use in many engineering and architecture projects. The world's tallest buildings have steel structures, such as the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (452 meters, 1998), the Taipei 101 in Taiwan (509 meters, 2004), or the Burj Dubai city of Dubai (818 meters, 2009), in the XXI century.
Without the participation of an aggregate it is called mortar. Concretes are produced with other binders which are cement, asphalt concrete and bitumen used for mixing. Cement is a powdery material that by itself is not binding, and when mixed with water, the hydrate becomes a moldable paste with adhesive properties.
Since one of the harmful effects to the environment is that cement production generates large volumes of carbon dioxide, the cement replacement technology plays an important role in efforts to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide. It is typically included in certain catalysts which allow its 'autolavado' such as titanium dioxide mixtures. It is also used to confine radioactive waste.
And there is a variety of them: colorants, accelerators, retarders, flow, sealants, fibers, etc. Conventional concretes normally used in pavements, buildings and other structures have a specific gravity (density, volumetric weight, unit weight) ranging from 2200-2400 kg / cubic meters (137-150 lb / ft 3). The density of concrete varies depending on the quantity and density of aggregates, the amount of trapped air (occluded) or intentionally included and the amounts of water and cement.
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